Impact of dual-layer solid-electrolyte interphase inhomogeneities on early-stage defect formation in Si electrodes

Severe structural deformation during (de)lithiation is the main factor limiting the stability of Si anodes in Li-ion batteries. Here, a multi-modal approach is used to visualize these deformations in their early-stage and link them to inhomogeneities in the dual-layer solid-electrolyte interphase.