Detection of enterovirus D68 among children with severe acute respiratory infection in Myanmar

Background: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an important reemerging pathogen that causes severe acute respiratory infection and acute flaccid paralysis, mainly in children. Since 2014, EV-D68 outbreaks have been reported in the United States, Europe, and east Asia; however, no outbreaks have been reported in southeast Asian countries, including Myanmar, during the previous 10 years. Methods: EV-D68 was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs from children with acute lower respiratory infections in Myanmar. The samples were previously collected from children aged 1 month to 12 years who had been admitted to the Yankin Children Hospital in Yangon, Myanmar, between May 2017 and January 2019. EV-D68 was detected with a newly developed EV-D68–specific real-time PCR assay. The clade was identified by using a phylogenetic tree created with the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Results: During the study period, nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 570 patients. EV-D68 was detected in 42 samples (7.4 %)—11 samples from 2017 to 31 samples from 2018. The phylogenetic tree revealed that all strains belonged to clade B3, which has been the dominant clade worldwide since 2014. We estimate that ancestors of currently circulating genotypes emerged during the period 1980–2004. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of EV-D68 detection in children with acute lower respiratory infections in Yangon, Myanmar, in 2017–2018. Detection and detailed virologic analyses of EV-D68 in southeast Asia is an important aspect of worldwide surveillance and will likely be useful in better understanding the worldwide epidemiologic profile of EV-D68 infection.