Analysis of a heat pump-based energy system exploiting a low GWP refrigerant in different European climates

The objective of this research is to assess the operation of a heat pump (HP) under varying climatic conditions in Europe. To achieve this, a Dymola model is developed for a solar-assisted reversible water-to-water HP that utilizes a low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant, R1234ze(E), and includes thermal and electrical energy storage systems. Experimental data is used to validate the primary components of the model. Simulations are conducted for both summer and winter seasons to determine the system’s overall annual performance. The analysis covers energy exchange between the system and the grid and utilizes key performance indicators such as self-sufficiency and self-consumption index. Furthermore, a techno-economic analysis is conducted to determine the payback period of the heating and cooling energy system based on the components’ capital expenditure and available incentives.