Identification and characterization of soybean phytochrome-interacting factors and their potential roles in abiotic stress

Abstract Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) belong to a subfamily of the bHLH transcription factor family and play a pivotal role in plant light signal transduction, hormone signal pathways, and the modulation of plant responses to various abiotic stresses. The soybean (Glycine max) is a significant food crop, providing essential oil and nutrients. Additionally, it is a vital industrial raw material and a lucrative cash crop. Nevertheless, research on PIFs in soybean is relatively scarce. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the gene structure, chromosomal location, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns of the Glycine max PIF (GmPIF) genes. A total of 20 GmPIF genes were identified in the soybean genome. These are unevenly distributed on 12 soybean chromosomes. The analysis of gene duplication events revealed the existence of five pairs of duplicated genes within the GmPIF gene set. Conserved motif analysis demonstrated the presence of several conserved motifs that were generally aligned with the classification of PIF protein. Cis-acting elements in the GmPIF promoters were found to be responsive to light, heat, drought, and phytohormone signaling. The expression levels of certain GmPIF genes were significantly induced under shade, high temperature and drought stress conditions. The heterologous expression of the GmPIF6c/GmPIL1 in an Arabidopsis mutant resulted in a reduction in the elongation of the hypocotyl in response to shade. It is proposed that GmPIF6c/GmPIL1 may exert an inhibitory effect on shade avoidance. This study elucidated the evolution, structural and functions of GmPIF family members. Clinical trial number Not applicable.