Geomonitoring in construction of the tunnel

A basic element in the decision making process on the adequacy of the support system was a monitoring and analysis process.We consider geomonitoring as continuous monitoring of objects (e.g. of mines, tunnels, machinery, buildings and a lot of constructions)during the construction or operating phase using geodetic, geotechnical and geophysical methods.Geomonitoring is gaining increasing significance as a result of new safety aspects, from the point of view of immission controlas well as in connection with early warning and alarm systems. Specific areas covered include geological and geotechnical explorationsrequired, construction of tunnels and shafts, design considerations, geomechanical analysis, design of linings, and instrumentationand monitoring.Consequently, monitoring of many of the instrument arrays have to continue for several years after construction. Monitoringprograms must be carried out for well-defined purposes, be well planned, and be supported by competent staff through completionand implementation of results from the monitoring program.