Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 in Dental Patients are Moderated and Mediated by Hospital-Infection-Control-Policy and Satisfaction-with-Life: A Prospective Observational Dental-COVID Study

Acharya Balkrishna,1,2 Kuldeep Singh,3 Gurpreet Oberoi,3 Pratima Singh,1,4 Preeti Raj,1 Anurag Varshney1,2,5 1Clinical Research Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India; 2Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India; 3Dental Clinic & Research Center, Patanjali Bharatiya Ayurvigyan Evam Anusandhan Sansthan, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India; 4School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; 5Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, IndiaCorrespondence: Anurag Varshney, Email anurag@prft.co.inIntroduction: COVID-19 pandemic has imposed nation-wide lock-downs which severely impacted day-to-day lifestyle and caused anxiety, stress and fear among patients taking medical care including dental treatments. These psychological behaviors have also been observed during the strategic relaxation of social restrictions (Unlock). However, potential effect of these psychological behavior in endodontic cases have not been probed. Here, it is of great interest to explore the magnitude and buffering effect of two important psychological resources: satisfaction-with-life, and confidence in hospital-infection-control-policy in relation with COVID-19 risk perception on psychological impact due to fear for COVID-19.Methods: Patients visiting Dental Clinic & Research Center for endodontic procedures were randomly asked to fill survey questionnaire, and were later enrolled as per the study criteria. The study carried out in two phases: from 15 Sept 2020 to 15 Dec 2020 (restrained confinement; Unlock 1.0); and from 16 Dec 2020 to 12 Feb 2021 (mild confinement; Unlock 2.0) with total sample size of 136. We used data collection tools such as fear-of-COVID-19 scale (FCV-19), perceived-stress-scale (PSS), modified-dental-anxiety-scale (MDAS), satisfaction-with-life scale (SWLS), COVID-19 risk perception, and confidence in hospital-infection-control-policy for COVID-19.Results: A double moderation and dual moderated mediation structured model were used to establish the correlation of various parameters using SPSS (version 25.0) software suite. Confidence in hospital-infection-control-policy and SWLS were negatively correlated with FCV-19, MDAS, and PSS. Risk perception of COVID-19 was found to positively associated with FCV-19, MDAS, and PSS.Discussion: Patient’s confidence in hospital-infection-control-policy for COVID-19 and SWLS acted as independent moderator for FCV-19 and mental distress. FCV-19 and risk perception were found to be lower during mild confinement (Unlock 2.0), and were also the positive predictors of PSS; and negative predictors of SWLS. The higher SWLS correlated very well with lower COVID-19 risk perception, concerning PSS and MDAS.Keywords: fear for COVID-19, risk perception of COVID-19, perceived stress, dental surgical procedures, satisfaction with life