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The Characteristics and Impact Factors of Sulfate and Nitrate in Urban PM2.5 over Typical Cities of Hangzhou Bay Area, China

Authors :
Qiongzhen Wang
Hao Ding
Fuwei Yu
Na Chao
Ying Li
Qiqing Jiang
Yue Huang
Lian Duan
Zhengquan Ji
Rong Zhou
Zhongping Yang
Kaiyun Zheng
Xiaoping Miao
Source :
Atmosphere, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 1799 (2023)
Publication Year :
2023
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2023.

Abstract

PM2.5 pollution over Hangzhou Bay area, China has received continuous attention. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously in six typical cities in Zhejiang Province from 15 October 2019 to 15 January 2020 (autumn and winter) and from 1 June to 31 August 2020 (summer), and major water-soluble ions were analyzed. Average concentrations of NO3− and SO42− in the six cities were 3.93–15.64 μg/m3 and 4.61–7.58 μg/m3 in autumn and winter, with mass fractions of NO3− and SO42− in PM2.5 up to 19.6–34.2% and 13.6–26.3%, respectively, while in summer, they were 1.23–2.64 μg/m3 and 2.22–4.14 μg/m3, with mass fractions of 7.0–15.0% and 14.7~25.1%. Both NO3− and SO42− were mostly from gas-to-particle transformation of precursors. High relative humidity in the six cities was suggested to significantly promote the formation of NO3− and SO42−, particularly in autumn and winter, while enhanced atmospheric oxidation favored the formation of SO42− in summer. However, the formation of NO3− was inhibited under a high temperature of >15 °C. The concentrations of SO42− and NO3 were mostly correlated with each other among the six cities. Potential source contribution function analysis indicated that both SO42− and NO3− were mostly from local pollution of Hangzhou Bay area in Zhejiang Province and also transported from Shanghai and the southern region of Jiangsu Province. This study contributed to the understanding of regional characteristics of SO42− and NO3− in Hangzhou Bay area and suggested that joint prevention and control efforts should be strengthened to reduce regional PM2.5 pollution.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
20734433
Volume :
14
Issue :
12
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Atmosphere
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.50ac09ac0124b9ab4de50aec632c2ef
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121799