Long‐term changes in bone mineral density in postoperative patients with esophageal cancer

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to investigate long‐term changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after esophagectomy, identify the risk factors for postoperative osteoporosis in patients with esophageal cancer and survival outcomes related to osteoporosis. Methods We retrospectively evaluated BMD changes for 197 consecutive patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who were disease‐free for 5 years after radical esophagectomy. Osteoporosis was diagnosed using computed tomography with an L1 attenuation threshold of ≤110 HU. Survival analysis was performed on 381 consecutive patients with 5‐year follow‐up after radical esophagectomy. Results BMD decreased annually after esophagectomy. The median attenuation (HU) was 134.2 before surgery and 135.2, 127.4, 123.3, 115.2, 105.6, and 102.4 at 6 months and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after surgery, respectively. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 25.9% patients before surgery and 23.3%, 29.4%, 40.1%, 46.7%, 54.8%, and 60.4% patients with osteoporosis were observed at 6 months and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after surgery, respectively. Postoperative BMD did not decrease in patients aged ≤54 years, those who had never been smokers, and those with no weight loss after esophagectomy. Multivariate analysis identified that age (≥65 years) at surgery and smoking history were independent risk factors for osteoporosis at 5 years after esophagectomy. Patients with preoperative osteoporosis tended to have worse prognosis in disease‐free survival and overall survival than those without osteoporosis, who were more likely to die due to non‐esophageal cancer. Conclusion Esophageal cancer survivors are more likely to develop osteoporosis after esophagectomy, and preoperative osteoporosis might be associated with prognosis.