Distinct decision-making properties underlying the species specificity of group formation of flies

Many animal species form groups. Group characteristics differ between species, suggesting that the decision-making of individuals for grouping varies across species. However, the actual decision-making properties that lead to interspecific differences in group characteristics remain unclear. Here, we compared the group formation processes of two Drosophilinae fly species, Colocasiomyia alocasiae and Drosophila melanogaster, which form dense and sparse groups, respectively. A high-throughput tracking system revealed that C. alocasiae flies formed groups faster than D. melanogaster flies, and the probability of C. alocasiae remaining in groups was far higher than that of D. melanogaster. C. alocasiae flies joined groups even when the group size was small, whereas D. melanogaster flies joined groups only when the group size was sufficiently large. C. alocasiae flies attenuated their walking speed when the inter-individual distance between flies became small, whereas such behavioural properties were not clearly observed in D. melanogaster. Furthermore, depriving C. alocasiae flies of visual input affected grouping behaviours, resulting in a severe reduction in group formation. These findings show that C. alocasiae decision-making regarding grouping, which greatly depends on vision, is significantly different from D. melanogaster, leading to species-specific group formation properties.