Time-varying dynamic network model for dynamic resting state functional connectivity in fMRI and MEG imaging

Dynamic resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) characterizes fluctuations that occur over time in functional brain networks. Existing methods to extract dynamic RSFCs, such as sliding-window and clustering methods that are inherently non-adaptive, have various limitations such as high-dimensionality, an inability to reconstruct brain signals, insufficiency of data for reliable estimation, insensitivity to rapid changes in dynamics, and a lack of generalizability across multiply functional imaging modalities. To overcome these deficiencies, we develop a novel and unifying time-varying dynamic network (TVDN) framework for examining dynamic resting state functional connectivity. TVDN includes a generative model that describes the relation between a low-dimensional dynamic RSFC and the brain signals, and an inference algorithm that automatically and adaptively learns the low-dimensional manifold of dynamic RSFC and detects dynamic state transitions in data. TVDN is applicable to multiple modalities of functional neuroimaging such as fMRI and MEG/EEG. The estimated low-dimensional dynamic RSFCs manifold directly links to the frequency content of brain signals. Hence we can evaluate TVDN performance by examining whether learnt features can reconstruct observed brain signals. We conduct comprehensive simulations to evaluate TVDN under hypothetical settings. We then demonstrate the application of TVDN with real fMRI and MEG data, and compare the results with existing benchmarks. Results demonstrate that TVDN is able to correctly capture the dynamics of brain activity and more robustly detect brain state switching both in resting state fMRI and MEG data.