Applying a bagging ensemble machine learning approach to predict functional outcome of schizophrenia with clinical symptoms and cognitive functions

Abstract It has been suggested that the relationship between cognitive function and functional outcome in schizophrenia is mediated by clinical symptoms, while functional outcome is assessed by the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale. To determine the outcome assessed by QLS and GAF, we established a bagging ensemble framework with a feature selection algorithm resulting from the analysis of factors such as 3 clinical symptom scales and 11 cognitive function scores of 302 patients with schizophrenia in the Taiwanese population. We compared our bagging ensemble framework with other state-of-the-art algorithms such as multilayer feedforward neural networks, support vector machine, linear regression, and random forests. The analysis revealed that the bagging ensemble model with feature selection performed best among predictive models in predicting the QLS functional outcome by using 20-item Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS20) and 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17). Moreover, to predict the GAF outcome, the bagging ensemble model with feature selection performed best among predictive models by using SANS20 and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Positive (PANSS-Positive) subscale. The study indicates that there are synergistic effects between negative (SANS20) and depressive (HAMD17) symptoms as well as between negative and positive (PANSS-Positive) symptoms in influencing functional outcome of schizophrenia using the bagging ensemble framework with feature selection.