Efficacy of myrrh extract against Eimeria labbeana-like experimental infection in Columba livia domestica: in vivo study

Abstract Background The Protozoan pathogen Eimeria is a significant issue in poultry production. Scientists are concerned with finding alternative strategies due to the spread of resistance against the commonly employed coccidiostats. This study examined how well myrrh extract (MyE) protected domesticated pigeons from an experimental Eimeria labbeana-like infection. Methods Female pigeons were divided into six groups (5 pigeons/group): Group 1: control pigeon group, Group 2: Non-infected and treated pigeon group with MyE (500 mg/kg). Group 3: Infected and non-treated pigeon group, Group 4: Infected and treated pigeon group with MyE (250 mg/kg), Group 5: Infected and treated pigeon group with MyE (500 mg/kg), Group 6: Infected and treated pigeon group with amprolium (1 g/L of H2O). Oral infection with 3 × 104 sporulated E. labbeana-like oocysts was used to inoculate groups (3–6). Three days after infection, groups (4–6) received daily treatment with MyE and amprolium for five days. Oocyst output was assessed on day 8 post-infection. After sacrificing the pigeons, the small intestine and blood were collected from each pigeon and processed for histological, biochemical, and oxidative damage examinations. Results This study looked into the overall phenolic and flavonoid contents and MyE’s antioxidant activity. According to the data, the best dose of MyE was 500 mg/kg, which significantly decreased the output of oocysts produced (2.090 × 105 ± 1.04 × 104 oocysts/g.feces). This result has been linked to a -2.51% decrease in the pigeon’s body weight gain. The morphometric characteristics of freshly unsporulated and sporulated oocysts were obtained, and pigeons treated with MyE significantly decreased size. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in both the number and size of the developmental stages of E. labbeana-like (i.e. meronts, gamonts, and developing oocysts) in the intestinal tissue among the MyE-treated group. MyE facilitates the disruption of intestinal homeostasis caused by E. labbeana-like infection, specifically concerning carbohydrates and proteins. Concurrent with the state of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the antioxidant activity of MyE reduced the blood plasma levels of trace elements (Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Ni). Conclusion Our findings suggest that MyE could be a useful antioxidant source and a replacement for coccidiostats in preventing and treating avian coccidiosis.