An Enhanced Extremum Seeking-Based Energy Management Strategy with Equivalent State for Hybridized-Electric Tramway-Powered by Fuel Cell–Battery–Supercapacitors

This article proposes a novel real-time optimization-based energy management strategy (EMS) for proton membrane exchange fuel cell (PEMFC)-battery-supercapacitors-driven hybridized-electric tramways (HETs). The proposed algorithm is derived based on an enhanced extremum seeking (ES) algorithm, with a new equivalent state-of-charge (SOC) and a new adaptive co-state introduced. Thereby, optimized reference power for each power source can be distributed appropriately when using three components. The workability and prominent of the proposed technique are demonstrated through comparative simulations with fuzzy-rule-based EMS (FEMS) and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) in two case studies: with and without considering the supercapacitors, as an important factor in the EMS design to stabilize the SOC of energy storage devices (ESDs). Briefly, under the proposed ES-based method, the PEMFC power can be regulated such that high-efficiency can be performed, approximately by 46.7%. Subsequently, the hydrogen consumption is reduced about 31.2% compared to a comparative fuzzy-based EMS. Besides, the supplements’ SOCs at the end of a driving cycle are also regulated to be equal to the initial ones.