Hydrothermal solidification of siliceous and calcareous wastes into building materials: A generic mix design framework

The presence of inactive components in siliceous and calcareous wastes tends to cause a misunderstanding in their mix design for hydrothermal solidification. The contents of typical reactive elements (i.e. Caact, Siact and Alact) in raw materials are quickly determined by simulating hydrothermal conditions. A generic mix design framework is proposed, which utilizes the molar ratio of Caact/Siact as the controlling parameter. The framework was demonstrated through a series of studies, which involved the production of granular materials using a mixture of clayey soil with slaked lime, as well as the production of compacted cylinders using a mixture of clayey soil with either slaked lime or calcium carbide slag. Experimental results showed that the hydrothermal samples achieved their maximum strength when the molar ratio of Caact/Siact in raw materials approached the theoretical Ca/Si molar ratio (i.e. 0.83) in tobermorite, provided that the molar ratio of Alact/(Alact + Siact) remained below 21%.