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The Role of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids in Metal Homeostasis in Plants
- Source :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 25, Iss 17, p 9542 (2024)
- Publication Year :
- 2024
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2024.
-
Abstract
- Low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) are essential O-containing metal-binding ligands involved in maintaining metal homeostasis, various metabolic processes, and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Malate, citrate, and oxalate play a crucial role in metal detoxification and transport throughout the plant. This review provides a comparative analysis of the accumulation of LMWOAs in excluders, which store metals mainly in roots, and hyperaccumulators, which accumulate metals mainly in shoots. Modern concepts of the mechanisms of LMWOA secretion by the roots of excluders and hyperaccumulators are summarized, and the formation of various metal complexes with LMWOAs in the vacuole and conducting tissues, playing an important role in the mechanisms of metal detoxification and transport, is discussed. Molecular mechanisms of transport of LMWOAs and their complexes with metals across cell membranes are reviewed. It is discussed whether different endogenous levels of LMWOAs in plants determine their metal tolerance. While playing an important role in maintaining metal homeostasis, LMWOAs apparently make a minor contribution to the mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation, which is associated mainly with root exudates increasing metal bioavailability and enhanced xylem loading of LMWOAs. The studies of metal-binding compounds may also contribute to the development of approaches used in biofortification, phytoremediation, and phytomining.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 14220067 and 16616596
- Volume :
- 25
- Issue :
- 17
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.4391b67ee2f44d581aa687ec594233f
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179542