A comprehensive review of the oxidation states of molybdenum oxides and their diverse applications

Molybdenum oxide, belonging to the transition metal group, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse chemical properties, leading to extensive research in various fields. It manifests in multiple forms, including molybdenum oxides (MoO2 and MoO3), each showcasing distinct features. Their remarkable adaptability finds applications across different disciplines. This comprehensive review delves into the various oxidation states of molybdenum oxide, elucidating their unique features and applications across sectors such as solar cells, catalysts, gas sensors, electrochromic devices, batteries, and more. Additionally, the paper explores the utilization of molybdenum oxide in the petroleum and chemical industries, highlighting its multifaceted applications. This review examines its distinct features and underscores its potential as a material with significant promise for advancing technological innovation.