Reconstruction of Soft Biological Tissues Using Laser Soldering Technology with Temperature Control and Biopolymer Nanocomposites

Laser soldering is a current biophotonic technique for the surgical recovery of the integrity of soft tissues. This technology involves the use of a device providing laser exposure to the cut edges of the wound with a solder applied. The proposed solder consisted of an aqueous dispersion of biopolymer albumin (25 wt.%), single-walled carbon nanotubes (0.1 wt.%) and exogenous indocyanine green chromophore (0.1 wt.%). Under laser exposure, the dispersion transforms into a nanocomposite due to the absorption of radiation and its conversion into heat. The nanocomposite is a frame structure of carbon nanotubes in a biopolymer matrix, which provides adhesion of the wound edges and the formation of a strong laser weld. A new laser device based on a diode laser (808 nm) has been developed to implement the method. The device has a temperature feedback system based on a bolometric infrared matrix sensor. The system determines the hottest area of the laser weld and adjusts the current supplied to the diode laser to maintain the preset laser heating temperature. The laser soldering technology made it possible to heal linear defects (cuts) in the skin of laboratory animals (rabbits) without the formation of a fibrotic scar compared to the control (suture material). The combined use of a biopolymer nanocomposite solder and a laser device made it possible to achieve a tensile strength of the laser welds of 4 ± 0.4 MPa. The results of the experiment demonstrated that the addition of single-walled carbon nanotubes to the solder composition leads to an increase in the ultimate tensile strength of the laser welds by 80%. The analysis of regenerative and morphological features in the early stages (1–3 days) after surgery revealed small wound gaps, a decrease in inflammation, the absence of microcirculatory disorders and an earlier epithelization of laser welds compared to the control. On the 10th day after the surgical operation, the laser weld was characterized by a thin cosmetic scar and a continuous epidermis covering the defect. An immunohistochemical analysis proved the absence of myofibroblasts in the area of the laser welds.