Clinical and radiological mid- to long-term investigation of anterior lumbar stand-alone fusion: Incidence of reoperation and adjacent segment degeneration

Introduction: Anterior stand-alone fusion (ASAF) devices have been developed in an attempt to reduce adjacent segment degenerative changes observed with posterior instrumented fusion techniques. Research question: The purpose of this study was to assess mid- to long-term clinical and radiological results following ASAF at the lumbosacral junction with special emphasis on the assessment of adjacent level pathologies.Materials & Methods: Clinical outcome scores and radiological data were acquired within an ongoing single-center prospective cohort study. Progression of adjacent level degeneration was evaluated based on MRI scans according to the Pfirrmann and Weishaupt classification system by two independent radiologists. Results: The results from 37 patients (FU ​≥ ​5 years) demonstrated high satisfaction rates and significant improvements in VAS and ODI scores. N ​= ​8 patients (21.6%) had to undergo subsequent surgery at the cranially adjacent level. The incidence of adjacent level disc degeneration and adjacent facet joint degeneration was 24.3% and 35.1%, respectively. More pronounced degenerative changes of the adjacent level discs (p ​= ​0.005) and facet joints (p ​= ​0.042) prior to surgery and a lower segmental lordosis reconstruction at the lumbosacral junction (p ​= ​0.0084) were identified as potential risk factors for the development of subsequent adjacent level pathologies. Discussion & Conclusion: The study revealed satisfactory clinical results at a mid-to long-term FU of ≥5 years. The incidence of adjacent level degeneration was higher than initially expected. Patients with preexisting radiographic signs of degenerative adjacent level changes have a higher risk for subsequent deterioration necessitating reoperation at the adjacent segment at later stages. Furthermore, adequate intraoperative segmental lordosis reconstruction at the index segment is paramount as the present data reveal this to be a key protective factor for adjacent segment preservation.