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Synergistic Effects and Toxic Mechanism of Phosphine with Ethyl Formate against Citrus Mealybug (Planococcus citri)

Authors :
Kyeongnam Kim
Min-Goo Park
Yong Ho Lee
Hwang-Ju Jeon
Tae Hyung Kwon
Chaeeun Kim
Jungeun Park
Byung-Ho Lee
Jeong Oh Yang
Sung-Eun Lee
Source :
Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 21, p 9877 (2021)
Publication Year :
2021
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2021.

Abstract

Methyl bromide (MB) has been used in a wide range of applications, but since it was determined to be an ozone-depleting compound, it has only been used for pre-shipment and quarantine purposes in trade. Phosphine (PH3) is currently the ideal fumigant as an MB alternative worldwide. However, the development of PH3 resistance in the target insect pest and longer PH3 fumigation treatment times raise questions about the continued use of PH3. This study attempted to shorten treatment time via combination treatment with ethyl formate (EF). Planococcus citri was used as the main quarantine pest in Korea, and the acute toxicity of EF, PH3, and EF + PH3 was determined at every developmental stage. EF treatment at 4 h showed LCT99 values of 45.85~65.43 mg∙h/L, and PH3 treatment at 20 h showed that of 0.13~0.83 mg∙h/L depending on the developmental stage. The efficacy of PH3 decreased after reducing the treatment time, but synergistic effects were observed at all stages of development of P. citri when both fumigants were used simultaneously for 4 h. After combined treatment, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase expression and the production of two phospholipids, PI(O-16:0) and PC(18:2), were significantly reduced in treated P. citri adults compared with the control. Therefore, combined treatments might be key to reducing the treatment time and resistance of PH3 in the field.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
20763417
Volume :
11
Issue :
21
Database :
Directory of Open Access Journals
Journal :
Applied Sciences
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
edsdoj.3e87c5db861410898bd6e665f9777d3
Document Type :
article
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219877