Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a method of immune prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus: possibilities and prospects

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common autoimmune disease that is treated with lifelong insulin therapy. Non-target indicators of glycemic control, which are observed in 71% of patients, lead to the formation and progression of diabetes complications, early disability and mortality. In this regard, the search for new approaches to the treatment and prevention of type 1 DM seems to be relevant. Various methods of immunological prophylaxis for the development of type 1 DM have been studied, in particular, the use of monoclonal antibodies. Thus, in November 2022, teplizumab was approved to slow down the clinical progression of the stage of type 1 DM. The prospects for the use of new options for islet cell transplantation are being studied — in June 2023, an allogeneic donor β-cell transplant obtained from the pancreas of donors after death was approved. Another pathogenetically substantiated method for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases is high-dose immunosuppressive therapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDIT-HSCT). HDIT-HSCT demonstrated its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in various clinical trials. This review provides up-to-date information on modern methods of immunological prophylaxis of type 1 DM.