Genesis of the Baiyangping Cu–Co and Pb–Zn Mineralizations in Lanping Basin, SW China

The Oligocene to Miocene Baiyangping Cu–Co and Pb–Zn mineralization was deposited during the collision of the India and Asia continents. The mineralization is hosted in veins in faulted carbonate and clastic rocks, which act as fluid pathways. A detailed fluid-inclusion analysis and C–O–S isotopic study are reported, focusing on the origin of the mineralizing fluids and mineralizing processes. The microthermometry of fluid inclusions hosted in quartz and carbonates indicate that the fluid peak temperature for both Cu–Co and Pb–Zn mineralizations ranges from 160 to 200 °C and from 120 to 160 °C, respectively. During these metallogenic hydrothermal events, salinity evolved from 2.7 wt% NaCl equiv to 24.8 wt% NaCl equiv. The δ34S values measured on sphalerite and tennantite range from +5.2‰ to +9.5‰, which indicates that sulfur originated from a reservoir characterized by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The C–O isotopic values obtained from the carbonate samples suggest that the fluid mainly originates from basinal brines. The combination of C and S isotopic values of the Cu–Co and Pb–Zn mineralization indicate the sedimentary source of the basin. Mineralization is controlled by faults, thermochemical sulfate reduction, and the physicochemical conditions of the fluid.