Technical advances in pluripotent stem cell-derived and tumorigenic organoids

Cell culture systems have been widely used to address fundamental questions in biology without sacrificing animals. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids provide more information on in vivo conditions than traditional culture systems because multiple cell types in organoids interact with each other in 3D structures. Despite extensive research and advances in the organoid field, some important limitations remain and need further consideration. In this review, we summarize how organoids are generated from pluripotent stem cells and describe the recent technical progress that has made organoids more similar to in vivo tissues for the application of organoids to modeling cancer. Lastly, we briefly discuss some limitations that have been raised in this field.