Outcomes and challenges treating pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a retrospective analysis of patients treated at the Fundación Valle del Lili between 2011 and 2020

Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia is a challenging disease, due to a poor prognosis in developing countries. Herein, we aim to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes after chemotherapy and transplantation. Methods: A retrospective analytic observational study was performed with patients under 18 years of age with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia treated at a referral center in Colombia. Two groups were compared: induction therapy (IT) and induction therapy plus consolidation (IT + C). The survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: We analyzed 34 patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia; 20 received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Most were French-American-British (FAB) classification types M1, M5 and M0. The transplantation was haploidentical in 65%, conditioning was myeloablative in 67% and graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis was performed with post-transplant cyclophosphamide in 70%. Overall, the 5-year survival was 52% and the overall 5-year survival in the transplanted group was 80%. There were 16 deaths; in the IT group, n = 12, and in the IT + C group, n = 4. In the former, the main cause of death was septic shock and in the latter, it was relapse. Conclusion: Transplantation is a safe option. Receiving treatment and supportive measures in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation units is necessary to avoid infections, especially during induction cycles.