Transcriptomic and proteomic studies of condylar ossification of the temporomandibular joint in porcine embryos

Abstract Background The ossification mechanism of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyle remains unclear in human embryo. The size and structure of TMJ, shape of articular disc and the characteristics of omnivorous chewing in the pig are similar to those of humans. The pig is an ideal animal for studying the mechanism of ossification of the TMJ condyle during the embryonic period. Method In a previous study by our group, it was found that there was no condylar ossification on embryonic day(E) 45, but the ossification of condyle occurred between E75 and E90. In this study, a total of 12 miniature pig embryos on E45 and E85 were used. Six embryos were used for tissue sections (3 in each group). The remaining six embryos were used for transcriptomic and proteomic studies to find differential genes and proteins. The differentially expressed genes in transcriptome and proteomic analysis were verified by QPCR. Results In total, 1592 differential genes comprising 1086 up‐regulated genes and 506 down‐regulated genes were screened for fold changes of ≥2 to ≤0.5 between E45 and E85. In the total of 4613 proteins detected by proteomic analysis, there were 419 differential proteins including 313 up‐regulated proteins and 106 down‐regulated proteins screened for fold changes of ≥2 to ≤0.5 between E45 and E85. A total of 36 differential genes differing in both transcriptome and proteome analysis were found. QPCR analysis showed that 14 of 15 selected genes were consistent with transcriptome analysis. Conclusion Condylar transcriptome and proteomic analysis during the development of TMJ in miniature pigs revealed the regulatory genes/proteins of condylar ossification.