Effect of dietary oxidized fish oil on liver function in hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ Epinephelus lanceolatus)

Fish oil oxidation can produce harmful substances, but the specific effects of oxidized fish oil on liver function in the hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ Epinephelus lanceolatus) are not yet clear. In the present study, hybrid grouper was fed diets containing 0, 3, 6, or 9% oxidized fish oil (referred to as the control, L, M, and H groups respectively) for 65 days to investigate its effects on liver physiology. Oxidized fish oil significantly decreased protein content in liver (P