Measurement and Modeling of 3D Solar Irradiance for Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaic

The energy yield of vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV) differs from that of standard photovoltaics (PV). It is mainly by the difference of the solar irradiance onto the car roof and car bodies as well as its curved shape. Both meaningful and practical modeling and measurement of solar irradiance for VIPV need to be established, rather than the extension of the current technologies. The solar irradiance is modeled by a random distribution of shading objects and car orientation with the correction of the curved surface of the PV modules. The measurement of the solar irradiance onto the car roof and car body is done using five pyranometers in five local axes on the car for one year. The measured dynamic solar irradiance onto the car body and car roof is used for validation of the solar irradiance model in the car.