Is Online Exercise at Home More Effective Than Hydrotherapy and Physiotherapy in Patients With Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain? A Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose: Many non-pharmaceutical methods have been proposed for the treatment of non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP), including online exercise at home (OEH), hydrotherapy, and physiotherapy approaches that have shown significant effects. Nevertheless, there are ambiguities in choosing the best option. Therefore, the present study was designed to compare these methods. Methods: This randomized clinical trial included 60 patients with NCLBP (25-45 yrs). After selection, they were randomly divided into three groups (20 patients in each) of OEH (including core stability exercises and education), hydrotherapy, and physiotherapy (including hot pack, ultrasound, and TENS), and then, received interventions for 12 weeks. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate pain before and after treatment. The ANOCOVA and paired t-test were used to analyze the data and a significant level of P