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Compact Matrix-Exponential-Based FDTD with Second-Order PML and Direct Z-Transform for Modeling Complex Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Problems
- Source :
- Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 1, p 94 (2020)
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2020.
-
Abstract
- To simulate complex subsurface sensing and imaging problems with both propagating and evanescent waves by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, the highly-accurate second-order perfectly matched layer (SO-PML) formulations based on the direct Z-transform (DZT) and the matrix exponential (ME) techniques are compactly and efficiently proposed for modeling open-domain problems. During mathematical deductions, several manipulations, for example, convolution computations, formulation reorganizations, or variable substitutions, can be circumvented due to the fact that the ME-based method shows a compact first-order differential matrix form. Besides, any material attributes can be completely circumvented because of using electric and magnetic flux densities, consequently, the proposed DZT-SO-PML could be applied without needing any alteration. Moreover, the DZT-SO-PML method can not only preserve better absorption accuracies, but also attain palpable improvements in computational efficiencies, even if the distance between the DSP-SO-PML truncation and the target becomes closer for modeling 3D open-domain subsurface sensing and imaging problems. Finally, numerical examples have been carried out to illustrate and validate these proposed formulations.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 20724292
- Volume :
- 13
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Remote Sensing
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.3315b46b8cde4f46b20099d9c069f128
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010094