Stadiums and Arenas The New Revenue Source of Professional Football Clubs: The Economic Impact of Turkish Football Stadiums and Arenas in Turkey

Stadiums have recently become one of the most important issues in the economy of professional football clubs with its positive and negative effects. Football rapidly developing worldwide is social, cultural and economic phenomenon and is one of the world's most profitable sports. The transformation of an economics of billion dollars and the transformation of an industrial character from the beginning of the 1990s has caused all eyes to be turned over to the stadiums as a place of production of football over time. Stadiums in the process of industrial transformation of football have transformed into structures that live 365 days and generate significant monetary income, including non-football events. Now the conversion of soccer fans to a "consumer spectators" has led to a new comfort structure that will increase the added value of the clubs' stadiums per seat. In this way, the match day revenues, which will hold an important place in the monetary revenues of football, also started to increase its share in total revenues rapidly. Although this share has increased, because the seat capacity is fixed it has forced the clubs to become even more creative in these matters. Soccer clubs have started to design stadiums in this sense in a way that will make them more functional and monetary. Today, soccer stadiums have grown out of a simple structure and they have become the production center of industrial football and the most important source of income. The income generated by the stadiums is now approaching nearly 40 percent of European soccer revenue. The aim of the study is to examine economic and social efficiency of stadiums and arenas which is a significant source of revenue for professional football clubs and is to examine the economic effects of Turkish football stadiums and arenas in Turkey.