Enhanced Donor Antigen Presentation by B Cells Predicts Acute Cellular Rejection and Late Outcomes After Transplantation

Background. Enhanced B-cell presentation of donor alloantigen relative to presentation of HLA-mismatched reference alloantigen is associated with acute cellular rejection (ACR), when expressed as a ratio called the antigen presenting index (API) in an exploratory cohort of liver and intestine transplant (LT and IT) recipients. Methods. To test clinical performance, we measured the API using the previously described 6-h assay in 84 LT and 54 IT recipients with median age 3.3 y (0.05–23.96). Recipients experiencing ACR within 60 d after testing were termed rejectors. Results. We first confirmed that B-cell uptake and presentation of alloantigen induced and thus reflected the alloresponse of T-helper cells, which were incubated without and with cytochalasin and primaquine to inhibit antigen uptake and presentation, respectively. Transplant recipients included 76 males and 62 females. Rejectors were tested at median 3.6 d before diagnosis. The API was higher among rejectors compared with nonrejectors (2.2 ± 0.2 versus 0.6 ± 0.04, P value = 1.7E-09). In logistic regression and receiver-operating-characteristic analysis, API ≥1.1 achieved sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for predicting ACR in 99 training set samples. Corresponding metrics ranged from 80% to 88% in 32 independent posttransplant samples, and 73% to 100% in 20 independent pretransplant samples. In time-to-event analysis, API ≥1.1 predicted higher incidence of late donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies after API measurements in LT recipients (P = 0.011) and graft loss in IT recipients (P = 0.008), compared with recipients with API