Effects of exercise training on bone mineral density in adults living with HIV: a retrospective study

Background: Evidence on the effects of exercise training on the bone health of men and women living with HIV (MLHIV and WLHIV) is limited. Objective: To investigate the effects of a long-term multimodal exercise program on the bone mineral density (BMD) of MLHIV and WLHIV. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 39 patients (13 women; 48.4 ± 7.6 y; HIV-infection for 15.5 ± 6.5 y; combined antiretroviral therapy for 12.2 ± 7.0 y) performed a multimodal exercise program (60-min sessions of aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises performed 3 times/week for 9–106 months). MLHIV and WLHIV were allocated into groups showing either advanced osteopenia/osteoporosis or normal BMD (+ or −). Results: MLHIV+ increased BMD at the femoral neck, total femur, and lumbar spine (∼3–4%) compared to MLHIV− (p ≤ 0.03). Changes in whole-body BMD were similar between MLHIV groups (p = 0.55). WLHIV+ exhibited higher loss of BMD at the femoral neck (∼6%) than WLHIV− (p = 0.04), whereas reductions in the whole-body, total femur, and lumbar spine (∼3–5%) were similar between groups (p ≥ 0.25). Among men, changes in femoral neck BMD were inversely correlated to femoral neck T-score (r = −0.62; p