Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Varying Air-Inlet Widths and Fuel Pan Diameters on Fire Whirls’ Combustion Characteristics

A fire whirl, a unique fire behavior, occurs when a vertical vortex of flames skyrockets due to specific surrounding temperatures and thermal gradient conditions during a fire. Compared with conventional fire plumes, fire whirls exhibit a higher air entrainment rate, tangential velocity, and axial velocity, thus presenting greater risks and destructive capabilities. Thus, studying the combustion characteristics of fire whirls becomes necessary. This experiment employed a small-scale, fixed-frame fire whirl generator. We investigated how varying air-inlet widths and fuel pan diameters influence the fire whirl’s combustion characteristics. Experimental images indicated a negative correlation between the fire whirl’s flame height and the air-inlet width, and a positive correlation with the fuel pan diameter. Our findings showed that the burning rate of the fire whirl during the quasi-steady-state combustion phase initially increased and then decreased as the air-inlet width expanded, peaking at a width of 7 cm. The data demonstrated a corresponding power-law relationship between the fire whirl’s dimensionless flame height and excess temperature. Ultimately, our results indicated a positive correlation between the 2/5 power of the fire whirl’s dimensionless heat release rate and the dimensionless flame height. The ratios of maximum to mean flame height and mean to continuous flame height are 1.35 and 1.5, respectively. Significantly, these ratios remain unaffected by the air-inlet width, fuel pan diameter, environmental temperature, and heat release rate.