Secluding the vegetation of India in retaliation to tropospheric ozone: a mechanistic approach

Abstract Rapid urban development and population outbursts in India have led to a tremendous increase in pollutant emissions and their transboundary dispersion. Hence, the increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) formation is further amplified depending on the meteorology of the area. This review attempts to compile the studies reporting tropospheric O3-induced loss of yield and biomass in the vegetation of the Indian sub-continent from 2012 to 2023, with a mechanistic approach. The response of vegetation (agricultural, horticultural, perennial, medicinal and grassland) to O3 have been collated and their order of sensitivity has been established. The vegetation displayed two significant strategies to cope with the O3 induced stress- stomatal flux regulation and shifting the photoassimilates towards either defense or reproduction (trade-off), which decides the plant's ability to respond towards O3. Considering the varying responses of plants, it was observed that plants that adopted both stomatal regulation and trade-off strategies to endure the stress were least sensitive to O3 than those focusing on one of them.