Molecular dissection of a hyper-aggressive CBFB-MYH11/FLT3-ITD–positive acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) is a haematological malignancy showing a hypervariable landscape of clinical outcomes and phenotypic differences, explainable by heterogeneity at the cellular and molecular level. Among the most common genomic alterations, CBFB-MYH11 rearrangement and FLT3-ITD gene mutations, have opposite clinical significance and are unfrequently associated. We present here a Molecular Case Report in which these two events co-exist an ultra-aggressive phenotype resulting in death in 4 days from hospital admittance. Somatic and germline Whole Exome Sequencing analysis was performed to uncover other putative driver mutations, de-novo genomic structural events or germline clusters increasing cancer insurgence. Only three mutations in LTK, BCAS2 and LGAS9 were found, unlikely causative of the exhibited phenotype, prompting to additional investigation of the rare CBFB-MYH11/ FLT3-ITD scenario.