Composited analyses of the chemical and physical characteristics of co-polluted days by ozone and PM2.5 over 2013–2020 in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region

The co-polluted days by ozone (O3) and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 2.5 µm or less) (O3–PM2.5PDs) were frequently observed in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region in warm seasons (April–October) of 2013–2020. We applied the 3-D global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to investigate the chemical and physical characteristics of O3–PM2.5PDs by composited analyses of such days that were captured by both the observations and the model. Model results showed that, when O3–PM2.5PDs occurred, the concentrations of hydroxyl radical and total oxidant, sulfur oxidation ratio, and nitrogen oxidation ratio were all high, and the concentrations of sulfate at the surface were the highest among all pollution types. We also found unique features in vertical distributions of aerosols during O3–PM2.5PDs; concentrations of PM2.5 decreased with altitude near the surface but remained stable at 975–819 hPa. Process analyses showed that secondary aerosols (nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate) had strong chemical productions at 913–819 hPa, which were then transported downward, resulting in the quite uniform vertical profiles at 975–819 hPa on O3–PM2.5PDs. The weather patterns for O3–PM2.5PDs were characterized by anomalous high-pressure system at 500 hPa as well as strong southerlies and high RH at 850 hPa. The latter resulted in the strong chemical productions around 850 hPa on O3–PM2.5PDs. The physical and chemical characteristics of O3–PM2.5PDs are quite different from those of polluted days by either O3 alone or PM2.5 alone and have important implications for air quality management.