Advances in laser-based diagnostic modalities for intraoperative tissue diagnosis in neurosurgery: current practices and future perspectives

Abstract This review assesses laser-based diagnostic modalities for intraoperative tissue diagnosis in neurosurgical oncology, emphasizing their utility in delineating tumor margins. Technologies such as optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic imaging, and confocal microscopy are scrutinized for their capability to enhance intraoperative discernment of neoplastic versus healthy tissue. We discuss the technical advancements, limitations related to depth penetration and resolution, and innovative approaches to mitigate these challenges. Economic and regulatory considerations pertinent to the clinical adoption of these technologies are also examined. The review highlights current clinical trials and research initiatives aiming to validate and standardize these applications. It concludes by highlighting the importance of ongoing research, cross-disciplinary cooperation, and professional training to integrate laser-based diagnostics into neurosurgical practice, with the ultimate goal of optimizing patient outcomes in brain tumor resection.