Loss of myeloid differentiation protein 1 promotes atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Abstract Aims Myeloid differentiation protein 1 (MD1) is expressed in the mammalian heart and exerts an anti‐arrhythmic effect. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is closely related to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The potential impact of MD1 on AF vulnerability in an HFpEF model is not clear. Methods and results MD1 knock‐out and wild‐type (WT) mice were subjected to uninephrectomy and continuous saline or d‐aldosterone infusion and given 1% sodium chloride drinking water for 4 weeks. Echocardiographic and haemodynamic measurements, electrophysiological studies, Masson staining, and molecular analysis were performed. Aldosterone‐infused WT mice develop HFpEF with left ventricular hypertrophy, moderate hypertension, pulmonary congestion, and diastolic dysfunction. Aldosterone infusion increased the vulnerability of WT mice to AF, as shown by a prolonged interatrial conduction time, shortened effective refractory period, and higher incidence of AF. In addition, aldosterone infusion increased myocardial fibrosis and inflammation, decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase 2a protein expression and the phosphorylation of phospholamban at Thr17, and increased sodium/calcium exchanger 1 protein expression and the phosphorylation of ryanodine receptor 2 in WT mice. All of the above adverse effects of aldosterone infusion were further exacerbated in MD1 knock‐out mice compare with WT mice. Mechanistically, MD1 deletion increased the activation of the toll‐like receptor 4/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II signalling pathway in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Conclusions MD1 deficiency increases the vulnerability of HFpEF mice to AF. This is mainly caused by aggravated maladaptive left atrial fibrosis and inflammation and worsened dysregulation of calcium handling, which is induced by the enhanced activation of the toll‐like receptor 4/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II signalling pathway.