Cortical activation and brain network efficiency during dual tasks: An fNIRS study

Objective: Dual task (DT) is a commonly used paradigm indicative of executive functions. Brain activities during DT walking is usually measured by portable functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Previous studies focused on cortical activation in prefrontal cortex and overlooked other brain regions such as sensorimotor cortices. This study is aimed at investigating the modulations of cortical activation and brain network efficiency in multiple brain regions from single to dual tasks with different complexities and their relationships with DT performance. Methods: Forty-two healthy adults [12 males; mean age: 27.7 (SD=6.5) years] participated in this study. Participants performed behavioral tasks with portable fNIRS simultaneous recording. There were three parts of behavioral tasks: cognitive tasks while standing (serial subtraction of 3′s and 7′s), walking alone and DT (walk while subtraction, including serial subtraction of 3′s and 7′s). Cognitive cost, walking cost and cost sum (i.e., sum of cognitive and walking costs) were calculated for DT. Cortical activation, local and global network efficiency were calculated for each task. Results: The cognitive cost was greater and the walking cost was less during DT with subtraction 3′s compared with 7′s (P’s = 0.032 and 0.019, respectively). Cortical activation and network efficiency were differentially modulated among single and dual tasks (P's < 0.05). Prefrontal activation during DT was positively correlated with DT costs, while network efficiency was negatively correlated with DT costs (P's < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results revealed prefrontal over-activation and reduced network efficiency in individuals with poor DT performance. Our findings suggest that reduced network efficiency could be a possible mechanism contributing to poor DT performance, which is accompanied by compensatory prefrontal over-activation.