Impacts of dietary phosphorus level on growth, antioxidant capacity and immunity in juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) fed with high-lipid diets

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of available phosphorus on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity in hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus) fed with high-lipid diets. Juvenile fish (8.06 ± 0.02 g) were subjected to six different dietary treatments over a period of eight weeks. These treatments consisted of diets (16% lipid level and 45% protein level) containing 0.3%, 0.58%, 0.67%, 0.76%, 0.85% and 0.94% available phosphorus (MCP), designated P1 (control), P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6, respectively. The results showed that (1) P1 group had suppressed final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate, while the other phosphorus experimental groups had significantly higher growth performance than the P1 group (P