Synergistic effects of the soapbark tree, Quillaja saponaria and Vitamin E on water quality, growth performance, blood health, gills and intestine histomorphology of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of Quillaja saponaria (QS), and Vitamin E (VE) on water quality, fish performance, and health of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Fish (N = 120, 12.75 ± 0.289 g) were randomly distributed in triplicates into four experimental groups. (1) the control group (CG), fish received a basal diet; (2) the Quillaja saponaria group (QS), fish received a basal diet containing 300 mg kg−1 QS extract; (3) Vitamin E group (VE), fish received a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg kg−1 VE; and (4) QS/VE group, fish received a basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 300 mg kg−1 QS extract and 400 mg kg−1 VE. Fish fed experimental diets (30/6, protein/lipids ratio) for 60 days. Results revealed a significant decrease of total ammonia nitrogen and unionized ammonia in fish fed QS/VE, VE, and QS compared to CG. Fish provided QS and/or VE showed a significant improvement in growth and feed utilization indices compared to CG (P