Design and dermatokinetic appraisal of lornoxicam-loaded ultrafine self-nanoemulsion hydrogel for the management of inflammation: In vitro and in vivo studies

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of ultrafine nanoemulsions on the transdermal delivery of lornoxicam (LOR) for management of the inflammation. The transdermal administration of LORNE could increase the efficacy of LOR with a reduction in side effects. Merging the beneficial properties of ultrafine nanoemulsions and their components (penetration enhancers) can lead to good solubilization, a small droplet size, and more effective LOR carriers. Therefore, this study aims to develop and evaluate the potential use of ultrafine nanoemulsions of LOR (LORNE) to elucidate their skin targeting for the treatment of inflammation. Based on solubility and pseudo ternary phase diagram tests, ultrafine LORNE composed of Labrafil M 2125 CS, Cremophor RH40, and Transcutol HP to deliver LOR was developed and characterized for its physicochemical properties, emulsification, and in vitro release. The selected LORNE was incorporated into carbopol gel (LORNE-Gel) and examined for ex vivo skin permeation, retention, dermatokinetics, anti-inflammatory efficacy, and skin irritation. The selected LORNE12-Gel could improve skin permeation, retention, and dermatokinetic results significantly (p