Microplastic removal using Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seed from aqueous solutions

Abstract The ubiquitous presence of MPs in water bodies presents an escalating concern, as these minuscule plastic particles could ultimately reach humans via the drinking water supply. This study explores the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of removing PE and PVC MPs using Abelmoschus esculentus seeds (commonly known as okra), a natural and environmentally benign coagulant. Through experiments conducted under varying conditions—such as pH level, coagulant dosage, MP concentration, and EC—using the standard method and a Jar test apparatus, the sedimentation rate was assessed. ZP analysis revealed that charge neutralization and bridging cause pivotal in enhancing the removal efficiency of MPs. FESEM and FTIR analyses corroborated the formation of new bonds during the interaction between the MPs and the okra seed-based coagulant. The findings indicate that the optimal parameters for PVC removal were a coagulant dosage of 70 mg/L, a pH of 10, and an MP concentration of 20 mg/L, achieving a removal efficiency of 80.11%. Conversely, for PE, the maximum removal efficiency of 64.76% was realized at a coagulant dosage of 70 mg/L, a pH of 3, and an MP concentration of 20 mg/L. Abelmoschus esculentus seeds offer a practical and eco-friendly option, potentially substituting chemical coagulants, to efficiently eliminate MPs from aquatic environments.