Heme-Iron-Induced Production of 4-Hydroxynonenal in Intestinal Lumen May Have Extra-Intestinal Consequences through Protein-Adduct Formation

Some epidemiological studies show that heme iron consumption, in red meat, is associated to the development of several chronic diseases, including cancers and cardio-metabolic diseases. As heme iron intestinal absorption is finely regulated, we hypothesized that heme iron may act indirectly, through the peroxidation of dietary lipids, in food or in the intestinal lumen during digestion. This heme-iron-induced lipid peroxidation provokes the generation of toxic lipid oxidation products that could be absorbed, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). In a first experiment, heme iron given to rats by oral gavage together with the linoleic-acid-rich safflower oil induced the formation of HNE in the intestinal lumen. The HNE major urinary metabolite was elevated in the urine of the treated rats, indicating that this compound has been absorbed. In a second experiment, we showed that stable isotope-labeled HNE given orally to rats was able to reach non-intestinal tissues as a bioactive form and to make protein-adducts in heart, liver and skeletal muscle tissues. The presence of HNE-protein adducts in those tissues suggests a putative biological role of diet-originating HNE in extra-intestinal organs. This finding could have major consequences on the onset/development of chronic diseases associated with red meat over-consumption, and more largely to peroxidation-prone food consumption.