Evaluating the Effect of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles after Added to the Maxillofacial Silicone on the Adherence of Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Background: Maxillofacial defects may arise from congenital, developmental, traumatic, or surgical procedures. The presence of such defects may adversely affect an individual's appearance and function, resulting in an inability to lead a typical life and impacting their psychological well-being. Surgical reconstruction is often regarded as the primary therapeutic option in such instances. However, it may not be feasible in numerous cases due to various unfavorable conditions. Consequently, the need for maxillofacial prosthesis reconstruction becomes obligatory. Purpose: This study assesses the antibacterial efficacy of copper oxide nanoparticles at different rates against Staphylococcus epidermidis after incorporation into maxillofacial silicone. Methods: A pilot study was first conducted in Iraq and copper oxide nanoparticles were added to VST50F silicone elastomer in different five percentages (0.01 wt%, 0.02 wt%, 0.03 wt%, 0.04 wt%, and 0.05 wt%). Thirty specimens were prepared and grouped into six groups: one control group and five experimental groups, and then the best effective two percentages (0.03 wt% and 0.04 wt%) were selected for the main study. Thirty specimens for the main study were divided into three groups: control group (A) and two experimental groups (B and C). A statistical analysis was done with an ANOVA and the Games-Howell multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). The data's normal distribution and homogeneity were assessed. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FES-EM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were also conducted. Results: The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between all groups with P < 0.05. There was a significant difference between control group A and experimental groups B and C with P < 0.05, as well as between experimental groups B and C (P < 0.05). FESEM showed that nanoparticles were distributed well within the silicone matrix. FTIR spectra proved no chemical reaction to occurr between the copper oxide nanoparticles and VST50F silicone. Conclusion: Incorporating copper oxide nanoparticles into VST50F maxillofacial silicone improved their antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus epidermidis.