Improving meteorological drought monitoring capability over tropical and subtropical water-limited ecosystems: evaluation and ensemble of the Microwave Integrated Drought Index

The monitoring of meteorological drought is critically important for tropical and subtropical water-limited ecosystems, which play key roles in the global carbon cycle and ecosystem services. Satellite remote sensing is the only practical approach for tracking drought changes with high resolution and an instantaneous response. However, the application of remote sensing drought indices derived from optical and infrared bands has been constrained due to cloud contamination. Here the Microwave Integrated Drought Index (MIDI), a multi-sensor microwave remote sensing drought index integrating state-of-the-art multiple satellite microwave-derived precipitation, soil moisture and land surface temperature information, was processed to improve the meteorological drought monitoring capability of satellite remote sensing. The index was evaluated against the 1 to 12 month field-based drought indicators Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and anomalies in the satellite-derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 1998 to 2014. MIDI with an optimal ensemble of multiple satellite precipitation products showed a better improvement in meteorological drought monitoring capability than MIDI based on an individual satellite precipitation dataset, and had statistically strong correlation in particular with 1 month SPI/SPEI over a wide range of bio-climatic zones spanning from arid to humid. Moreover it showed significantly higher correlations with EVI anomalies than SPI/SPEI. The results demonstrated the reliability and superiority of MIDI in monitoring meteorological drought with the ability to work in all weather conditions. Therefore, MIDI provides a gateway to employing satellite microwave remote sensing for reliable meteorological drought monitoring, with the potential for long-term drought assessments as well as near-real-time drought monitoring using operational satellites.