Systemic review of Macleaya cordata: genetics, biosynthesis of active ingredients and functions

Macleaya cordata, a medicinal plant in the Papaveraceae family, is rich in bioactive benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Recent research has elucidated the mechanisms by which these active components promote livestock and poultry growth and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on the intestines. These findings have led to the development of two raw medicinal materials and two veterinary drug formulations, widely used in China's livestock industry. Advances in multi-omics technologies, such as whole-genome sequencing and transcriptomics, have clarified the chemical composition of alkaloids and the biosynthesis of sanguinarine, enabling its de novo synthesis in yeast. Efforts in plant breeding have focused on cultivar selection and germplasm innovation, establishing DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability) testing guidelines. Genetic engineering techniques have re-edited the sanguinarine pathway and induced hairy roots and cell suspension cultures in M. cordata. These advancements reduce production costs, ensure product stability, and promote sustainable production. This paper reviews the species origin, current research status, and prospects of M. cordata, offering guidance for further research on this valuable resource.