End-of-Life Management of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in the United States

Electric vehicles, which are primarily powered by lithium-ion batteries, have gained much attention as the future of transportation for their environmental and economic benefits. However, the current economy of lithium-ion battery management is quite linear. A circular economy with reusing and end-of-life recycling of lithium-ion batteries, would reduce the social and environmental costs associated with the mining of metals, decelerate the depletion of natural resources, and prevent the improper management that often accompanies disposal. This research suggests improvements to the end-of-life management of lithium-ion batteries in the US, considering current and emerging recycling technologies, current collection and transportation infrastructure, current reuse applications, and an analysis of the current regulatory policies in place. Along with providing a comprehensive overview of these topics, this research compiles and provides a set of actionable End-of-Life (EOL) management recommendations for the US on policy, infrastructure, and technology.