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Effects of sowing date and nitrogen applications on the energy efficiency of facultative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a Pannonian environment
- Source :
- Heliyon, Vol 10, Iss 19, Pp e37923- (2024)
- Publication Year :
- 2024
- Publisher :
- Elsevier, 2024.
-
Abstract
- Energy efficiency analysis provides a deeper understanding of non-renewable energy dependent cropping systems. In this study, we examined the crop yield and energy efficiency of facultative rainfed wheat (WW – winter wheat, WS – spring wheat) and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) in two growing seasons 2019/20 and 2020/21 in Central Europe. WW out performed WS significantly overall (2019/20: +30.3 to +47.9 %; 2020/21: +18.9 to +37.3 %) in terms of energy efficiency indicators. The impact of N fertilization on energy efficiency was minimal, largely due to one dose application of mineral N fertilizer. The highest estimated net-energy output (NEO) was observed at 160.2 kg N ha−1, which may not sustainable for this pedo-climatic region due to potential N emissions risks. Zero N fertilization showed best performance in terms of energy use efficiency (EUE), energy intensity (EI), and energy productivity (EP). The ERG z-score, which combines NEO and EUE into a single bi-dimensional indicator, indicated an optimal N fertilization level of 72.0 kg N ha−1.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 24058440
- Volume :
- 10
- Issue :
- 19
- Database :
- Directory of Open Access Journals
- Journal :
- Heliyon
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- edsdoj.0dbf39d293de47a5aa2533d7b4d5ae49
- Document Type :
- article
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37923