Efficient production of vindoline from tabersonine by metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Liu et al. optimize vindoline biosynthesis in yeast from tabersonine by altering the copy numbers of pathway genes, pairing CYPs with CPRs, engineering the microenvironment for functional expression of CYPs, enhancing cofactor supplies, and optimizing fermentation conditions. By doing so, the authors increased the production of vindoline to a final titer as high as ∼16.5 mg/L.