Cymene and pachymic acid alleviate adalimumab-resistance cell line inflammatory response via inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

Background: In the management of inflammatory bowel disease, the emergence of drug resistance to monoclonal antibodies has come out as a significant impediment to achieving desired therapeutic outcomes. However, extensive evidence has substantiated that the induction of autophagy holds promise in counteracting the development of drug resistance. In this regard, the utilization of traditional Chinese medicine presents a potential avenue for alleviate drug resistance, specifically through Peilan and Fuling. Consequently, the objective of this study aims to investigate the regulatory effects of p -Cymene and pachymic acid on the autophagy signaling pathway, with the ultimate goal of reducing inflammatory response and alleviating drug resistance. Methods: The RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line was subjected to induction using varying concentration gradients of adalimumab in order to establish an adalimumab-resistant cell line. The cell growth curve and viability were assessed using the CCK-8 assay. The expression of cytokines was determined through the implementation of ELISA. The autophagy signaling pathway was evaluated using Western blot analysis. Results: p -Cymene and pachymic acid were found to exert an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of the adalimumab-resistant cell line. Additionally, treatment with p -Cymene and pachymic acid resulted in a decrease in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while concurrently increasing the level of IL-10. p -Cymene and pachymic acid demonstrated the capacity to suppress the expression of autophagy-related proteins and mRNA including PI3K, AKT, and mTOR. Conclusions: p -Cymene and pachymic acid exhibit the potential to alleviate adalimumab-resistance and ameliorate the inflammatory response, primarily through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings suggest that traditional Chinese medicine holds promise as a viable treatment option for mitigating monoclonal antibody resistance in inflammatory bowel disease.